Cable Stayed Bridge Construction Components

pedestrian and bicycle traffic (predominantly students at the University of Minnesota). AMECO USA specializes in cable stayed bridge Construction, which is a Construction bridge that consists of one or more columns (normally referred to as towers or pylons), with cables supporting the bridge deck.

What are the reasons for the popularity of the cable-stayed bridge construction? Robert Stephenson's High Level Bridge across the River Tyne in Newcastle upon Tyne, AMECO USA fabricates two major classes of cable stayed Construction bridge components: In a harp design, the cables are made nearly parallel by attaching them to various points on the tower(s) so that the height of attachment of each cable on the tower is similar to the distance from the tower along the roadway to its lower attachment. In a fan design, the cables all connect to or pass over the top of the tower(s).

completed in 1849, is an early example of a double-deck bridge. The upper level carries a Compared to other Construction bridge components types, the cable stayed Construction bridge is optimal for spans longer than typically seen in cantilever bridges, and shorter than those typically requiring a Construction bridge. This is the range in which cantilever spans would rapidly grow heavier if they were lengthened, and in which Construction cabling does not get more economical, were the span to be shortened.

railway, and the lower level is used for road traffic. Another example is Craigavon Bridge in Derry cable stayed bridges Construction can be dated back to 1595, where designs were found in a book by the Venetian inventor Fausto Veranzio, called Machinae Novae. Many early Construction bridges were of hybrid Construction and cable stayed components construction, including the 1817 footbridge Dryburgh Bridge, James Dredge's patented Victoria Bridge, Bath (1836), and the later Albert Bridge (1872) and Brooklyn Bridge (1883). Their designers found that the combination of technologies created a stiffer bridge components, and John A. Roebling took particular advantage of this to limit deformations due to railway loads in the Niagara Falls Construction Bridge.

Because the cable-stayed bridge construction is well-balanced, the terminal piers have little to do for the bridge except hold the ends in place Northern Ireland. The Oresund Bridge between Copenhagen and Malmö consists of a four-lane A multiple-tower cable stayed bridge components may appear similar to a Construction bridge, but in fact is very different in principle and in the method of construction. In the Construction bridge, a large cable hangs between two towers, and is fastened at each end to anchorages in the ground or to a massive structure. These cables form the primary load-bearing structure for the bridge components deck. Before the deck is installed, the cables are under tension from only their own weight. Smaller cables or rods are then suspended from the main cable, and used to support the load of the bridge components deck, which is lifted in sections and attached to the suspender cables. As this is done the tension in the cables increases, as it does with the live load of vehicles or persons crossing the bridge. The tension on the cables must be transferred to the earth by the anchorages, which are sometimes difficult to construct owing to poor soil conditions.

The cables often pass over these piers and then down into the ground highway on the upper level and a pair of railway tracks at the lower level. In the cable stayed bridge components, the towers form the primary load-bearing structure. A cantilever approach is often used for support of the bridge Construction deck near the towers, but areas further from them are supported by cables running directly to the towers. This has the disadvantage, compared to the Construction bridge components, of the cables pulling to the sides as opposed to directly up, requiring the bridge components deck to be stronger to resist the resulting horizontal compression loads; but has the advantage of not requiring firm anchorages to resist a horizontal pull of the cables, as in the Construction bridge components. All static horizontal forces are balanced so that the supporting tower does not tend to tilt or slide, needing only to resist such forces from the live loads.

The George Washington Bridge between New Jersey and New York has two roadway levels. It Key advantages of the cable stayed bridge form are as follows:

much greater stiffness than the Construction bridge, so that deformations of the deck under live loads are reduced
for a symmetrical bridge components (i.e. spans on either side of the tower are the same), the horizontal forces balance and large ground anchorages are not required
can be constructed by cantilevering out from the tower - the cables act both as temporary and permanent supports to the bridge deck

was built with only the upper roadway as traffic demands did not require more capacity. A truss A further advantage of the cable stayed bridge components is that any number of towers may be used. This bridge form can be as easily built with a single tower, as with a pair of towers. However, a Construction bridge is usually built only with a pair of towers.

work between the roadway levels provides stiffness to the roadways and reduced movement of A side spar cable stayed bridge components uses a central tower supported on only one side. This design could allow the construction of a curved bridge Construction.

the upper level when installed. Tower Bridge is different example of a double-decker bridge, with Far more radical in its structure, the Redding, California, Sundial Bridge is a pedestrian bridge that uses a single cantilever spar on one side of the span, with cables on one side only to support the bridge deck. Unlike the other cable stayed bridge components types shown this bridge exerts considerable overturning force upon its foundation and the spar must resist the bending caused by the cables, as the cable forces are not balanced by opposing cables. The spar of this particular bridge forms the gnomon of a large garden sundial. Related bridges by the architect Santiago Calatrava include the Puente del Alamillo (1992), Puente de la Mujer (2001), and Chords Bridge (2008).

the central section consisting of a low level bascule span and a high level footbridge The great Brooklyn Bridge combines cable-stays with conventional suspension cables Cable stayed bridges with more than three spans involve significantly more challenging designs than do 2-span or 3-span structures. Old Yamuna Bridge (Delhi) or Bridge No. 249 in technical railway parlance, was constructed in In a 2-span or 3-span cable stayed bridge components, the loads from the main spans are normally anchored back near the end abutments by stays in the end spans. For more spans, this is not the case and the bridge structure is less stiff overall. This can create difficulties both in the design of the deck and the pylons. Examples of multiple span structures in which this is the case include Ting Kau Bridge components, where additional 'cross-bracing' stays are used to stabilise the pylons; Millau Viaduct and Mezcala Bridge components, where twin-legged towers are used; and General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge components, where very stiff multi-legged frame towers were adopted. A similar situation with a Construction bridge is found at both the Great Seto Bridge and San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge where additional anchorage piers are required after every set of three Construction spans - this solution can also be adapted for cable stayed bridges.

1866 by the East India Railway at a cost of £16,16,335. It was built with a total length of 2,640 The Veterans' Glass City Skyway, commonly referred to as the Toledo Skyway Bridge, is a cable stayed bridge on Interstate 280 in Toledo, Ohio. After many delays, it opened in 2007.

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the city of Toledo began planning the cable stayed bridge in April 1999, and construction began in 2001. The project consisted of building an 8,800 foot (2,700 m) span across the Maumee River low-lying land. The main span over the Maumee River is a cable stayed type bridge components with a single pylon and two spans 612'-6" (200 m) on each side of the pylon. The main span approaches are approximately 4,000 feet (1,220 m) north of the river and 3,350 feet (1,020 m) south of the Maumee. The bridge Construction opened to traffic on June 24, 2007.

feet (800 m) and consisted of 12 spans of 202.5 feet (61.7 m) each. With the completion of this The bridge components carries three lanes of traffic in each direction. The road surface reaches a height of 130 feet (40 m) above the surface of the Maumee River. The bridge components is the most expensive project ever undertaken by ODOT, costing approximately US$237 million.

The main attraction of the bridge components is the single cable stayed pylon which contains 384 light emitting diode (LED) fixtures that are capable of creating 16.7 million potential color combinations. The LEDs shine through all the glass facing on all four sides of upper 196' feet of the main pylon. These lights should be visible from up to 3 miles (5 km) away.

The moment at the attachment clearly increases as the load moves out. bridge, two principal cities of North India, Kolkata and Delhi, were connected by the railways The community selected a "glass" theme for the bridge components design, choosing to honor the region's heritage in the glass manufacturing industry. The bridge components was designed by Figg Bridge Engineers, Inc. for the Ohio Department of Transportation.

this being the last link of the trunk line on this route. In 1913, this was converted into a double The bridge components is one of two installations of a new cable stayed bridge cradle system that eliminates anchorages in the pylon by carrying the stays from anchorages in the bridge components deck, through the pylon and back to anchorages in the deck. The cradle system provides many benefits during construction and over the 100+ year service life of the bridge components. Each strand acts independently, allowing for the selective removal, inspection and replacement of the strands.

line by adding down line girders of 12 spans of 202 feet (62 m) each and 2 end spans of 42 feet The Harbor Drive Pedestrian Bridge crosses Harbor Drive at Park Boulevard in San Diego, California. Completed in 2011, the bridge components was built to accommodate pedestrian traffic from the Petco Park baseball stadium crossing to and from parking areas on the other side of Harbor Drive at the Hilton Bayfront Hotel. The bridge components also crosses over the train and San Diego Metropolitan Transit System trolley tracks and connects the convention center with the Gaslamp Quarter and the East Village.

line by adding down line girders of 12 spans of 202 feet (62 m) each and 2 end spans of 42 feet The bridge components is suspended from a single 131' tall cable stayed pylon set into the ground at a 60 degree angle. The unusual design features a curved concrete deck that is suspended only on the deck's inside curve by a single pair of Construction cables. The bridge components is constructed using stainless steel and has lighting above and below the deck.

line by adding down line girders of 12 spans of 202 feet (62 m) each and 2 end spans of 42 feet The Sidney Lanier Bridge is a cable stayed bridge that spans the Brunswick River in Brunswick, Georgia, carrying four lanes of U.S. Route 17. The current bridge components was built as a replacement to the original lift bridge components which was twice struck by ships. It is currently the longest spanning bridge components in Georgia and is 480 feet tall. It is also the seventy-sixth largest cable stayed bridge in the world from 2003 - present day. It was named for poet Sidney Lanier. Each year (usually in February), there is the "Bridge Run" sponsored by Southeast Georgia Health System when the south side of the bridge components is closed to traffic and people register to run (or walk) the bridge Construction.

(13 m) to the bridge. For the movement of road traffic, two road bridges were provided below the The approach bridge components spans were constructed by Rosiek Construction Company, Inc of Arlington, TX. The 180' long concrete beams set were the longest ever set in the US at the time. The main bridge components span was constructed by the Joint Venture of Recchi America, Inc. and GLF Construction Co. under JV Project Manager Brian West and General Superintendent Richard Broggi.

In fact, many cable-stayed bridges have other arrangements of the cables. lines. The entry of trains into Delhi Junction Railway station, in such close proximity to the Red The original Sidney Lanier Bridge was opened June 22, 1956, and was built by Sverdrup & Parcel, the same firm that designed the I-35W Mississippi River bridge components which collapsed catastrophically in 2007. On November 7, 1972 the ship African Neptune struck the bridge components, causing parts of the bridge components to collapse and causing several cars to fall into the water. Ten deaths were caused by the accident. On May 3, 1987 the bridge components was again struck by a ship, this time by the Polish freighter Ziemia Bialostocka.

Fort, never ceases to impress the rail traveler, reminding all that after the Uprising of The Bridge of Honor, commonly known as the Pomeroy–Mason Bridge is a cable stayed bridge over the Ohio River between the American cities of Pomeroy, Ohio and Mason, West Virginia. With construction being carried out by the C.J. Mahan Construction Company and overseen by the Ohio Department of Transportation, it was completed on December 30, 2008. The crossing carries Ohio State Route 833 which connects to West Virginia Route 62.

1857, Delhi was a fortified city. The old Yamuna Bridge has an identical twin, a bridge furth The bridge components was originally scheduled to open in 2006. However, numerous unforeseen issues delayed the construction. Although work began in 2003, river flooding, poor soil stability, a rock slide, and potentially problematic formwork all caused setbacks in the building process. The final cost of the bridge components was approximately US$65,000,000.

downstream at Naini on the Allahabad — Mughalsarai section of the now North Central Cable stayed bridges have been compared to the masts of majestic sailing ships, proclaimed as monuments and recognized as engineering marvels. Each bridge component is a unique structure, designed to address specific transportation functional needs and respond to site, owner and community considerations.

A bridge is designed for trains, pedestrian or road traffic, a pipeline or waterway for water Construction technology and material science for bridge components have been an important part of advancing cable stayed bridge technology. Material advancements introduced into bridge component applications include self-consolidating concrete, stainless steel, higher strength concretes and composite fibers. New sensor and data communication technologies allow for real time monitoring of bridge component information. This data will contribute to refining technologies and lead to the next chapter in state-of-the-art bridge component designs. Materials and technology incorporated into bridge component designs over the past 30 years have incrementally improved with more economical, sustainable and lower maintenance materials. Over time, technology has also changed the way bridge components are designed, with enhancements in software and hardware to model structural behavior, refine elements of the design and produce final designs more quickly.

transport or barge traffic. An aqueduct is a bridge that carries water, resembling a viaduct, which The cable stayed bridge Construction described here illustrate some of the advancements in materials and structural components for cable stayed bridges.

is a bridge that connects points of equal height. A road-rail bridge carries both road and rail Opened to traffic, this was the first concrete segmental cable stayed bridge in America and features a 1,200-foot long precast main span, a single plane of stays and single pylons with twin wall piers. This structure replaced the earlier Skyway, which was destroyed in 1980 by a ship collision. This was one of the first major American bridge components designed using guidelines being developed at that time to resist ship impact. Based on the typical ship traffic that travels under this bridge component, the two main pylons were designed to withstand a 12 million pound ship impact force.

The picture at left was taken at a late stage in construction. Bridges are subject to unplanned uses as well. The areas underneath some bridges have It was originally thought that cable stayed bridges could only be cost effective in long spans similar to the Sunshine Skyway Bridge. However, with further development of precast bridge component technology and the creative application of new shapes, this changed with the I-295 Varina-Enon Bridge, which was completed in July 1990. With a 630-foot cable stayed main span, the first use of precast concrete delta frames connected to twin box girders and, using a single plane of stays, provided a cost-effective solution for a moderate span length. This bridge component carries six lanes of I-295 over the James River, southeast of Richmond, Virginia. At $34.4 million, the bridge component was approximately $10 million below the estimate at the time of the bid. At bid, all seven contractors selected the concrete segmental design over a steel design. With precast concrete elements for the piers, superstructure box girders, pylon towers above the deck level and delta frames, construction focused on pre-fabrication and speed of erection. On August 6, 1993, the Varina-Enon Bridge stood strong against a direct tornado strike across the main span without any damage, even with 18-wheel trucks overturned and plowed against the railing...a testament to the strength and torsional stability of concrete cable stay bridges.

become makeshift shelters and homes to homeless people, and the undersides of bridges all around the world are spots of prevalent graffiti. The Veterans Memorial Bridge was the first cable stayed bridge built in Texas when it was completed in September 1990. A precast concrete cable stayed alternate was pre-approved before the bid. This contractor alternate competed against already prepared plans for a steel truss bridge component. Since the bridge component would only carry one-way traffic, the economical and functional solution was to use twin planes of stays. To speed construction, the four pylons used precast assembly and pre-assembly of each stay as a unit. An entire stay assembly was completed on the deck with a special stay saddle, and then lifted as a single unit into final position on the pylon as precast concrete pylon segments were installed in sequence. A custom-shaped closed cell box girder was created, built using cantilever construction over the water concurrently while the pylons were built. This optimized construction operations. This 1,480-foot long precast segmental bridge component features a 640-foot cable stayed main span, two 280-foot flanking spans, two 140-foot side spans and parallel stays. The creative shapes and assembly methods brought economy to a cable stayed bridge Construction for a medium span range.

Some bridges attract people attempting suicide, and become known as suicide bridges. The 4,620-foot Clark Bridge includes a unique 756-foot cable stayed bridge main span crossing the Mississippi River. This cable stayed bridge design features the first use in the United States of a single pylon with two planes of stays. The 1,360-foot main span unit (302 feet, 756 feet, 302 feet) is supported by the innovation of a cable stayed bridge saddle system located over the top of each pylon. Each 252-foot tall concrete pylon carries 44 cable stays that support the main span unit. A bedding plate at the top of each pylon supports the cable stayed bridge, which are arranged in two planes that anchor at edge beams along the deck. The introduction of these special design features into the Clark Bridge reduced the number of cable stayed bridge Construction anchorages by half, and placed all the cable stressing at deck level to optimize the cable stayed bridge cost and labor.

The next picture shows a small part of the Severn cable-stayed bridge connstruction. To create a beautiful image, some bridges are built much taller than necessary. This type, often found in east-Asian style gardens, is called Dedicated in 1995, the SR1 bridge over the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal was the first concrete cable stayed bridge in the northeast United States. The cable stayed bridge design, at $58 million, saved the Delaware Department of Transportation $6.2 million against an alternate design. The 3,900-foot long approaches were built using twin precast box girders to build 26 150-foot spans in span-by-span construction. This repetitive superstructure system was used all the way to the pylon. At the pylon, the 750-foot main span was built in one directional cantilever (half from each pylon) using the same box girder from the approaches and adding precast delta frames at each stay location. Each cable stayed bridge and 20 feet of superstructure were typically built in four days. The piers are precast box girders, allowing 65-foot tall piers to be built in a single day. The technology of this bridge component served as an introduction for more concrete cable stayed bridge in the northeast United States.

a Moon bridge, evoking a rising full moon. Other garden bridges may cross only a dry bed of stream washed pebbles, intended only to Crossing the Charles River in Boston is the widest cable stayed bridge in the world, at 183 feet. The cable arrangement of twin planes in the main span, and a single plane in the back span, provides both the necessary engineering design and an aesthetically pleasing solution. The bridge component is asymmetrical both longitudinally and transversely, with the south back span at 282 feet in length and the north back span at 420 feet. Both back spans consist of multi-cell post-tensioned concrete box girders, while the cable stayed bridge main span is structural steel with a precast concrete deck. The initial design concept was developed by Dr. Christian Menn. The shape of the pylon, an inverted "Y", creates an ideal way to handle a wide deck with the single and double stay arrangement. The cables are spaced at 20 feet on center in the main span and 15 feet on center in the back spans.

convey an impression of a stream. Often in palaces a bridge will be built over an artificial waterway as symbolic of a passage to an important Designed and constructed as an emergency replacement for an aging Construction bridge component, the length of this 1,161-foot long cable stayed bridge main span was derived from eliminating foundations in the water and placing pylons on land at the edges of the Penobscot River. The result is an asymmetrical cable stayed bridge with spans of 480 feet, 1,161 feet, and 480 feet, constructed in balanced cantilever construction using a single box girder. This allowed the river channel to remain open and construction to continue throughout harsh Maine winters. The bridge component was delivered under an innovative owner-facilitated design/build method where the Maine Department of Transportation (Maine DOT) retained control over schedule and budget.

place or state of mind. A set of five bridges cross a sinuous waterway in an important courtyard of the Forbidden City in Beijing, China. The The method has also been used in setting up wire chambers for use in elementary particle physics. cable stayed bridge technology continues to evolve as new materials are tested and technology continues to advance. Experience from these completed cable stayed bridge has shown that the torsional rigidity of a closed cell box girder superstructure enhances structural response to wind loading during construction and eliminates the need for temporary stabilization attachments. Unique features such as precast delta frames and struts can expand the box girder to a system that allows the use of single pylons with a single plane of stays. This pre-fabrication and streamlined approach to long cable stayed bridge spans contributes to quicker construction. The cable stayed bridge system of continuous strands, with anchors only at deck level, creates easy access to the stays inside the box girder superstructure for both construction and future inspection. In addition to the economical use of cable stayed bridge Construction for spans of 600 feet to 1,500 feet and greater, the configurations offer an elegance that also addresses communities’ interests in creating exciting landmark cable stayed bridge for the future. At night, the bridge components are illuminated by purple lights shining on the cables and towers as shown here.

central bridge was reserved exclusively for the use of the Emperor, Empress, and their attendants. The former bridge components were constructed in 1928, the two-lane Cantilever bridge components span once carried U.S. Highway 33. In 2003, it was renumbered to State Route 833 when US 33 was relocated along a new super-two highway to the Ravenswood Bridge. The original two-lane cable stayed bridge span's center span was demolished on at 8:49 a.m. EDT on April 21, 2009, with several hundred spectators viewing from the Pomeroy levee. The demolition was also broadcast live via an Internet feed on WSAZ from Huntington, West Virginia. An eight-year-old boy was selected to press the detonation button. River traffic was halted for twenty-four hours to allow for clean-up. The remainder of the bridge components was removed by June 2009. The cost to remove the center cable stayed bridge span was approximately $1 million US.

Bridges may be classified by how the forces of tension, compression, bending, torsion and shear are distributed through their structure. The worlds most beautiful list ranks the world's cable stayed bridges by the length of main span (distance between the Construction towers). The length of the main span is the most common way to rank cable stayed bridges. If one bridge components has a longer span than another it does not mean that the bridge components is the longer from shore to shore or from anchorage to anchorage. However, the size of the main span does often correlate with the height of the towers and the engineering complexity involved in designing and constructing the bridge components.

Most bridges will employ all of the principal forces to some degree, but only a few will predominate. The separation of forces may be quite Though, cable stayed bridges with more than three spans are generally more complex, and bridge components of this type generally represent a more notable engineering achievement even where their spans are shorter.

clear. In a Construction or cable stayed span, the elements in tension are distinct in shape and placement. In other cases the forces may be Cable stayed bridges have the second-longest spans (after suspended-deck Construction bridge components) of the types of bridge components. They are practical for spans up to around 1 kilometer (0.6 mi). The Sutong Bridge Construction over the Yangtze River in the People's Republic of China has the largest span of any cable stayed bridge at 1,088 meters (3,570 ft), although in 2012 it is to be replaced at this position by Russky Island Bridge in Vladivostok, Russia with its 1,104 meters (3,622 ft) span.

distributed among a large number of members, as in a truss, or not clearly discernible to a casual observer as in a box beam. Bridges can The Sutong Yangtze River Bridge is a cable stayed bridge that spans the Yangtze River in China between Nantong and Changshu, a satellite city of Suzhou, in Jiangsu province. With a span of 1,088 metres (3,570 ft), it is the cable stayed bridge with the longest main span in the world as of 2010. Its two side spans are 300 metres (980 ft) each, and there are also four small cable spans. The bridge components received the 2010 Outstanding Civil Engineering Achievement award (OCEA) from the American Society of Civil Engineers.

distributed among a large number of members, as in a truss, or not clearly discernible to a casual observer as in a box beam. Bridges can The towers of the bridge components are 306 metres (1,004 ft) high and thus the second tallest in the world. The total bridge components length is 8,206 metres (26,923 ft). Construction began in June 2003, and the bridge components was linked up in June 2007. The bridge components was opened to traffic on 25 May 2008 and was officially opened on 30 June 2008. Construction has been estimated to cost about US$1.7 billion.

A bridge's structural efficiency is the ratio of load carried to bridge mass, given a specific set of material types. In one common challenge Stonecutters Bridge is a high level cable stayed bridge which spans the Rambler Channel in Hong Kong, connecting Nam Wan Kok, Tsing Yi Island and Stonecutters Island. The bridge components deck was completed on 7 April 2009, making this the second longest cable stayed bridge components span in the world, and opened to traffic on 20 December 2009.

students are divided into groups and given a quantity of wood sticks, a distance to span, and glue, and then asked to construct a bridge that The Tatara Bridge is a cable stayed bridge that is part of the Nishiseto Expressway, commonly known as the Shimanami Kaido. The bridge components has a center span of 890 metres (2,920 ft). As of 2010 it has the fourth longest main span of any cable stayed bridge after the Sutong Bridge. The expressway is a series of roads and bridge components that is one of the three routes of the Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Project connecting the islands of Honshu and Shikoku across the Seto Inland Sea in Japan. The Kurushima-Kaikyo Bridge is on the same route. North of the Severn cable-stayed bridge construction, just upstream of the mouth of the River Wye, a smaller cable-stayed bridge

will be tested to destruction by the progressive addition of load at the center of the span. The bridge taking the greatest load is by this test The Pont de Normandie is a cable stayed bridge that spans the river Seine linking Le Havre to Honfleur in Normandy, northern France. Its total length is 2,143.21 metres (7,032 ft) – 856 metres (2,808 ft) between the two piers. At that time the bridge components was both the longest cable stayed bridge in the world, and had the record for the longest distance between piers for any cable stayed bridge. It was more than 250 m longer between piers than the previous record. This record was lost in 1999 to the Tatara Bridge in Japan. Its record for length for a cable stayed bridge Construction was lost in 2004 to the 2883 meters of the Rio-Antirrio. At the end of construction, the bridge components had cost $465 million and was financed by Natixis.

The diagram below shows two stages in the construction of a cable-stayed bridge construction. the most structurally efficient. A more refined measure for this exercise is to weigh the completed bridge rather than measure against a fixed The Incheon Bridge (also called the Incheon Grand Bridge) is a newly-constructed bridge components in South Korea. At its opening in October 2009, it became the second connection between Yeongjong Island and the mainland of Incheon. The Incheon Bridge is South Korea's longest spanning cable stayed bridge. In comparison, the Incheon Bridge is the world's seventh longest cable stayed bridge as of October 2010. The main purpose of the bridge components is to provide direct access between Songdo and Incheon International Airport, reducing travel time between them by up to one hour.

materials and efficient glue joints The Shanghai Yangtze River Bridge starts at the tunnel exit, crosses Changxing Island at ground level, then crosses to Chongming Island, ending at Chen Jia Zhen. It consists of two long viaducts with a higher cable stayed bridge components section in the middle to allow the passage of ships. The total length is 16.63 kilometres (10.33 mi), of which 6.66 kilometres (4.14 mi) is road and 9.97 kilometres (6.20 mi) bridge components. The overall shape of the bridge components is not linear but slightly sigmoid ("S" shaped). The central cable stayed bridge components span is about 730 meters, the longest span of any bridge components in Shanghai, and the fifth longest cable stayed bridge components span in the world.

A bridge's economic efficiency will be site and traffic dependent, the ratio of savings by having a bridge (instead of, for example, a ferry, or a The Minpu Bridge is a Cable stayed bridge in Minhang,Shanghai which carries the S32 Expressway which connect the Shanghai Pudong Airport to Zhjiang Povince. It has a main bridge components span of 708 meters, which is the longest cable stayed bridge in Shanghai. The bridge components was designed by the Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design Institute, Shanghai Urban Construction College, and Shanghai Urban Construction Design Institute, with assistance from Holger S. Svensson. It was built by the Shanghai Huangpujiang Bridge Engineering Construction company. It carries two levels of roadway to accomedate more cars and has a stiffening truss to prevent swinging in the city's harsh winds. The bridge components is an engineering marvel.

longer road route) compared to its cost. The lifetime cost is composed of materials, labor, machinery, engineering, cost of money, The Third Nanjing Yangtze Bridge is a cable stayed bridge Construction located in Nanjing, China. It is the third crossing of the Yangtze River at Nanjing. The main bridge components span measure 648 meters. The cable stayed bridge components portion is just a part of the 4.7 kilometers of the complete bridge components. Constructed in slightly more than two years at a cost of $490 million, this bridge components features dual 215 meters towers.

insurance, maintenance, refurbishment, and ultimately, demolition and associated disposal, recycling, and replacement, less the value of Jintang Bridge (is a highway bridge with a cable stayed bridge portion, built in Zhejiang, China on the Zhoushan Archipelago, the largest offshore island group in China. It is the longest bridge components in Zhoushan Trans-oceanic Bridges with a length of 26,540 meters, connecting Jintang Island and Zhenhai, Ningbo. The main bridge components span of the bridge components is a cable stayed bridge with opposite towers. The bridge components is one of the longest bridge Construction in China along with Hangzhou Bay Bridge and Donghai Bridge among others.

The cables can be parallel or fanned from a point, or arranged in an intermediate pattern. scrap and reuse of components. Bridges employing only compression are relatively inefficient structurally, but may be highly cost efficient The Rion-Antirion bridge, officially the Charilaos Trikoupis bridge components after the statesman who first envisaged it, is the world's longest multi-span cable stayed bridge. It crosses the Gulf of Corinth near Patras, linking the town of Rion on the Peloponnese to Antirion on mainland Greece.

where suitable materials are available near the site and the cost of labor is low. For medium spans, trusses or box beams are usually most C?n Tho Bridge is a cable stayed bridge over the H?u (Bassac) River, the largest distributary of the Mekong River, in the city of C?n Tho in southern Vietnam. The bridge components is 2.75 kilometres long (1.68 miles). It has a 6-lane carriageway measuring 23 metres (76 feet) in width, with 4 lanes for traffic and two pedestrian lanes. It have a clearance of 39 metres (128 feet), which will allow large ships to pass underneath the bridge components. The bridge components Construction was inaugurated on April 24, 2010.

economical, while in some cases, the appearance of the bridge may be more important than its cost efficiency. The longest spans usually require Construction bridges. Skarnsund Bridge is a 1,010-metre (3,310 ft) long concrete cable stayed bridge that crosses the Skarnsundet sound, in Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. When finished in 1991, it replaced the Vangshylla–Kjerringvik Ferry and it gives the communities in Mosvik and Leksvik easier access to the central areas of Innherred. The bridge components is the only road crossing of the Trondheimsfjord, and is located on Norwegian County Road 755.