A stay cable bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be
AMECO USA specializes in
stay cable bridge components, which is a
bridge Construction that consists of one or more columns (normally referred to as towers or pylons), with cables supporting the bridge deck.
stressed from tension, compression, or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads. stay cable
AMECO USA fabricates two major classes of
stay cable Construction bridge components: In a harp design, the cables are made nearly parallel by attaching them to various points on the tower(s) so that the height of attachment of each cable on the tower is similar to the distance from the tower along the roadway to its lower attachment. In a fan design, the cables all connect to or pass over the top of the tower(s).
bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges. The basic types of
stay cable bridge Construction shown
stay cable bridges have been compared to the masts of majestic sailing ships, proclaimed as monuments and recognized as engineering marvels. Each
bridge component is a unique structure, designed to address specific transportation functional needs and respond to site, owner and community considerations.
in this article have simple designs which could be easily analyzed by nineteenth and early
Construction technology and material science for
bridge components have been an important part of advancing
cable stayed bridge technology. Material advancements introduced into
bridge component applications include self-consolidating concrete, stainless steel, higher strength concretes and composite fibers. New sensor and data communication technologies allow for real time monitoring of
bridge component information. This data will contribute to refining technologies and lead to the next chapter in state-of-the-art
bridge component designs. Materials and technology incorporated into
bridge component designs over the past 30 years have incrementally improved with more economical, sustainable and lower maintenance materials. Over time, technology has also changed the way
bridge components are designed, with enhancements in software and hardware to model structural behavior, refine elements of the design and produce final designs more quickly.
twentieth century engineers. A stay cable bridge is economical to construct owing to its efficient use of materials
The
stay cable bridges described here illustrate some of the advancements in materials and structural components for
stay cable bridges.
The nature of a stay cable allows for the analysis of the structure using a few
Opened to traffic, this was the first concrete segmental
stay cable bridge Construction in America and features a 1,200-foot long precast main span, a single plane of stays and single pylons with twin wall piers. This structure replaced the earlier Skyway, which was destroyed in 1980 by a ship collision. This was one of the first major American
bridge components designed using guidelines being developed at that time to resist ship impact. Based on the typical ship traffic that travels under this
bridge component, the two main pylons were designed to withstand a 12 million pound ship impact force.
assumptions and the application of Newton's laws of motion according to the
It was originally thought that
stay cable bridges could only be cost effective in long spans similar to the Sunshine Skyway
Bridge. However, with further development of precast
bridge component technology and the creative application of new shapes, this changed with the I-295 Varina-Enon
Bridge, which was completed in July 1990. With a 630-foot stay cable main span, the first use of precast concrete delta frames connected to twin box girders and, using a single plane of stays, provided a cost-effective solution for a moderate span length. This
bridge component carries six lanes of I-295 over the James River, southeast of Richmond, Virginia. At $34.4 million, the
bridge component was approximately $10 million below the estimate at the time of the bid. At bid, all seven contractors selected the concrete segmental design over a steel design. With precast concrete elements for the piers, superstructure box girders, pylon towers above the deck level and delta frames, construction focused on pre-fabrication and speed of erection. On August 6, 1993, the Varina-Enon
Bridge stood strong against a direct tornado strike across the main span without any damage, even with 18-wheel trucks overturned and plowed against the railing...a testament to the strength and torsional stability of concrete
cable-stay bridges.
branch of physics known as statics. For purposes of analysis, stay cablees are
The Veterans Memorial
Bridge was the first
stay cable bridge built in Texas when it was completed in September 1990. A precast concrete
stay cable alternate was pre-approved before the bid. This contractor alternate competed against already prepared plans for a steel stay cable
bridge component. Since the
bridge component would only carry one-way traffic, the economical and functional solution was to use twin planes of stays. To speed construction, the four pylons used precast assembly and pre-assembly of each stay as a unit. An entire stay assembly was completed on the deck with a special stay saddle, and then lifted as a single unit into final position on the pylon as precast concrete pylon segments were installed in sequence. A custom-shaped closed cell box girder was created, built using cantilever construction over the water concurrently while the pylons were built. This optimized construction operations. This 1,480-foot long precast segmental
bridge component features a 640-foot
stay cable main span, two 280-foot flanking spans, two 140-foot side spans and parallel stays. The creative shapes and assembly methods brought economy to a
stay cable bridge for a medium span range.
assumed to be pin jointed where the straight components meet
The 4,620-foot Clark
Bridge includes a unique 756-foot
stay cable bridge Construction main span crossing the Mississippi River. This
stay cable bridge design features the first use in the United States of a single pylon with two planes of stays. The 1,360-foot main span unit (302 feet, 756 feet, 302 feet) is supported by the innovation of a
stay cable bridge saddle system located over the top of each pylon. Each 252-foot tall concrete pylon carries 44 cable stays that support the main span unit. A bedding plate at the top of each pylon supports the
stay cable bridge, which are arranged in two planes that anchor at edge beams along the deck. The introduction of these special design features into the Clark
Bridge reduced the number of
stay cable bridge anchorages by half, and placed all the cable stressing at deck level to optimize the
stay cable bridge cost and labor.
assumption means that members of the stay cable (chords, verticals and diagonals)
Dedicated in 1995, the SR1 bridge over the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal was the first concrete
stay cable bridge in the northeast United States. The
stay cable bridge design, at $58 million, saved the Delaware Department of Transportation $6.2 million against an alternate design. The 3,900-foot long approaches were built using twin precast box girders to build 26 150-foot spans in span-by-span construction. This repetitive superstructure system was used all the way to the pylon. At the pylon, the 750-foot main span was built in one directional cantilever (half from each pylon) using the same box girder from the approaches and adding precast delta frames at each stay location. Each
stay cable bridge and 20 feet of superstructure were typically built in four days. The piers are precast box girders, allowing 65-foot tall piers to be built in a single day. The technology of this
bridge component served as an introduction for more concrete
stay cable bridge in the northeast United States.
will act only in tension or compression. A more complex analysis is required
Crossing the Charles River in Boston is the widest
stay cable bridge in the world, at 183 feet. The cable arrangement of twin planes in the main span, and a single plane in the back span, provides both the necessary engineering design and an aesthetically pleasing solution. The
bridge component is asymmetrical both longitudinally and transversely, with the south back span at 282 feet in length and the north back span at 420 feet. Both back spans consist of multi-cell post-tensioned concrete box girders, while the
stay cable bridge main span is structural steel with a precast concrete deck. The initial design concept was developed by Dr. Christian Menn. The shape of the pylon, an inverted "Y", creates an ideal way to handle a wide deck with the single and double stay arrangement. The cables are spaced at 20 feet on center in the main span and 15 feet on center in the back spans.
where rigid joints impose significant bending loads upon the elements, as in a Vierendeel stay cable.
Designed and constructed as an emergency replacement for an aging Construction
bridge component, the length of this 1,161-foot long
stay cable bridge main span was derived from eliminating foundations in the water and placing pylons on land at the edges of the Penobscot River. The result is an asymmetrical
stay cable bridge Construction with spans of 480 feet, 1,161 feet, and 480 feet, constructed in balanced cantilever construction using a single box girder. This allowed the river channel to remain open and construction to continue throughout harsh Maine winters. The
bridge component was delivered under an innovative owner-facilitated design/build method where the Maine Department of Transportation (Maine DOT) retained control over schedule and budget.
In the bridge illustrated in the infobox at the top, vertical members are in tension,
stay cable bridge technology continues to evolve as new materials are tested and technology continues to advance. Experience from these completed
stay cable bridge Construction has shown that the torsional rigidity of a closed cell box girder superstructure enhances structural response to wind loading during construction and eliminates the need for temporary stabilization attachments. Unique features such as precast delta frames and struts can expand the box girder to a system that allows the use of single pylons with a single plane of stays. This pre-fabrication and streamlined approach to long
stay cable bridge spans contributes to quicker construction. The
stay cable bridge system of continuous strands, with anchors only at deck level, creates easy access to the stays inside the box girder superstructure for both construction and future inspection. In addition to the economical use of
stay cable bridge for spans of 600 feet to 1,500 feet and greater, the configurations offer an elegance that also addresses communities’ interests in creating exciting landmark
stay cable bridge for the future.
lower horizontal members in tension, shear, and bending, outer diagonal and top
Compared to other
Construction bridge components types, the
stay cable Construction bridge is optimal for spans longer than typically seen in cantilever
bridges, and shorter than those typically requiring a
Construction bridge. This is the range in which cantilever spans would rapidly grow heavier if they were lengthened, and in which
components Construction cabling does not get more economical, were the span to be shortened.
members are in compression, while the inner diagonals are in tension
Stay cable bridges components can be dated back to 1595, where designs were found in a book by the Venetian inventor Fausto Veranzio, called Machinae Novae. Many early
Construction bridges were of hybrid
Construction and
stay cable components construction, including the 1817 footbridge Dryburgh Bridge, James Dredge's patented Victoria Bridge, Bath (1836), and the later Albert Bridge (1872) and Brooklyn Bridge (1883). Their designers found that the combination of technologies created a stiffer
bridge components, and John A. Roebling took particular advantage of this to limit deformations due to railway loads in the Niagara Falls
Construction Bridge.
central vertical member stabilizes the upper compression member, preventing it from buckling. If the top member is sufficiently stiff then this
A multiple-tower
stay cable bridge components may appear similar to a
Construction bridge, but in fact is very different in principle and in the method of construction. In the
Construction bridge, a large cable hangs between two towers, and is fastened at each end to anchorages in the ground or to a massive structure. These cables form the primary load-bearing structure for the
bridge Construction deck. Before the deck is installed, the cables are under tension from only their own weight. Smaller cables or rods are then suspended from the main cable, and used to support the load of the
bridge components deck, which is lifted in sections and attached to the suspender cables. As this is done the tension in the cables increases, as it does with the live load of vehicles or persons crossing the
bridge. The tension on the cables must be transferred to the earth by the anchorages, which are sometimes difficult to construct owing to poor soil conditions.
vertical element may be eliminated. If the lower chord (a horizontal member of a stay cable) is sufficiently resistant to bending and shear, the outer
In the
stay cable bridge components, the towers form the primary load-bearing structure. A cantilever approach is often used for support of the
bridge components deck near the towers, but areas further from them are supported by cables running directly to the towers. This has the disadvantage, compared to the
Construction bridge components, of the cables pulling to the sides as opposed to directly up, requiring the
bridge components deck to be stronger to resist the resulting horizontal compression loads; but has the advantage of not requiring firm anchorages to resist a horizontal pull of the cables, as in the
Construction bridge components. All static horizontal forces are balanced so that the supporting tower does not tend to tilt or slide, needing only to resist such forces from the live loads.
vertical elements may be eliminated, but with additional strength added to other members in compensation. The ability to distribute the
Key advantages of the
stay cable bridge components form are as follows:
- much greater stiffness than the Construction bridge, so that deformations of the deck under live loads are reduced
- for a symmetrical bridge components (i.e. spans on either side of the tower are the same), the horizontal forces balance and large ground anchorages are not required
- can be constructed by cantilevering out from the tower - the cables act both as temporary and permanent supports to the bridge deck
vertical elements may be eliminated, but with additional strength added to other members in compensation. The ability to distribute the
A further advantage of the
stay cable bridge Construction is that any number of towers may be used. This
bridge form can be as easily built with a single tower, as with a pair of towers. However, a
Construction bridge is usually built only with a pair of towers.
vertical elements may be eliminated, but with additional strength added to other members in compensation. The ability to distribute the
A side-spar
stay cable bridge components uses a central tower supported on only one side. This design could allow the construction of a curved
bridge.
forces in various ways has led to a large variety of stay cable bridge types. Some types may be more advantageous when wood is employed for
Far more radical in its structure, the Redding, California, Sundial Bridge is a
pedestrian bridge that uses a single cantilever spar on one side of the span, with cables on one side only to support the
bridge deck. Unlike the other
stay cable bridge components types shown this bridge exerts considerable overturning force upon its foundation and the spar must resist the bending caused by the cables, as the cable forces are not balanced by opposing cables. The spar of this particular bridge forms the gnomon of a large garden sundial. Related
bridges by the architect Santiago Calatrava include the Puente del Alamillo (1992), Puente de la Mujer (2001), and Chords Bridge (2008).
forces in various ways has led to a large variety of stay cable bridge types. Some types may be more advantageous when wood is employed for
Stay cable bridges with more than three spans involve significantly more challenging designs than do 2-span or 3-span structures.
compression elements while other types may be easier to erect in particular site conditions, or when the balance between labor, machinery
In a 2-span or 3-span
stay cable bridge components, the loads from the main spans are normally anchored back near the end abutments by stays in the end spans. For more spans, this is not the case and the
bridge structure is less stiff overall. This can create difficulties both in the design of the deck and the pylons. Examples of multiple-span structures in which this is the case include Ting Kau
Bridge components, where additional 'cross-bracing' stays are used to stabilise the pylons; Millau Viaduct and Mezcala
Bridge components, where twin-legged towers are used; and General Rafael Urdaneta
Bridge components, where very stiff multi-legged frame towers were adopted. A similar situation with a
Construction bridge is found at both the Great Seto
Bridge and San Francisco – Oakland Bay
Bridge where additional anchorage piers are required after every set of three
Construction spans - this solution can also be adapted for
stay cable bridges.
compression elements while other types may be easier to erect in particular site conditions, or when the balance between labor, machinery
The Veterans' Glass City Skyway, commonly referred to as the Toledo Skyway
Bridge Construction, is a
stay cable bridge on Interstate 280 in Toledo, Ohio. After many delays, it opened in 2007.
The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the city of Toledo began planning the
stay cable bridge Construction in April 1999, and construction began in 2001. The project consisted of building an 8,800 foot (2,700 m) span across the Maumee River low-lying land. The main span over the Maumee River is a
stay cable type
bridge components with a single pylon and two spans 612'-6" (200 m) on each side of the pylon. The main span approaches are approximately 4,000 feet (1,220 m) north of the river and 3,350 feet (1,020 m) south of the Maumee. The
bridge components opened to traffic on June 24, 2007.
The inclusion of the elements shown is largely an engineering decision based upon economics, being a balance between the costs of raw
The
bridge components carries three lanes of traffic in each direction. The road surface reaches a height of 130 feet (40 m) above the surface of the Maumee River. The
bridge components is the most expensive project ever undertaken by ODOT, costing approximately US$237 million.
The main attraction of the
bridge components is the single
stay cable pylon which contains 384 light emitting diode (LED) fixtures that are capable of creating 16.7 million potential color combinations. The LEDs shine through all the glass facing on all four sides of upper 196' feet of the main pylon. These lights should be visible from up to 3 miles (5 km) away.
materials, off-site fabrication, component transportation, on-site erection, the availability of machinery and the cost of labor. In other cases
The community selected a "glass" theme for the
bridge components design, choosing to honor the region's heritage in the glass manufacturing industry. The
bridge components was designed by Figg Bridge Engineers, Inc. for the Ohio Department of Transportation.
the appearance of the structure may take on greater importance and so influence the design decisions beyond mere matters of economics
The
bridge components is one of two installations of a new
stay cable bridge cradle system that eliminates anchorages in the pylon by carrying the stays from anchorages in the
bridge components deck, through the pylon and back to anchorages in the deck. The cradle system provides many benefits during construction and over the 100+ year service life of the
bridge components. Each strand acts independently, allowing for the selective removal, inspection and replacement of the strands.
Modern materials such as prestressed concrete and fabrication methods, such as automated welding, and the changing price of steel
The Harbor Drive Pedestrian
Bridge crosses Harbor Drive at Park Boulevard in San Diego, California. Completed in 2011, the
bridge components was built to accommodate pedestrian traffic from the Petco Park baseball stadium crossing to and from parking areas on the other side of Harbor Drive at the Hilton Bayfront Hotel. The
bridge components also crosses over the train and San Diego Metropolitan Transit System trolley tracks and connects the convention center with the Gaslamp Quarter and the East Village.
relative to that of labor have significantly influenced the design of modern bridges.
The
bridge Construction is suspended from a single 131' tall
stay cable pylon set into the ground at a 60 degree angle. The unusual design features a curved concrete deck that is suspended only on the deck's inside curve by a single pair of
Construction cables. The
bridge components is constructed using stainless steel and has lighting above and below the deck.
Because wood was so abundant, early stay cable bridges would typically use carefully fitted timbers
The Sidney Lanier
Bridge is a
stay cable bridge that spans the Brunswick River in Brunswick, Georgia, carrying four lanes of U.S. Route 17. The current
bridge components was built as a replacement to the original lift
bridge components which was twice struck by ships. It is currently the longest spanning
bridge components in Georgia and is 480 feet tall. It is also the seventy-sixth largest
stay cable bridge in the world from 2003 - present day. It was named for poet Sidney Lanier. Each year (usually in February), there is the "
Bridge Run" sponsored by Southeast Georgia Health System when the south side of the
bridge components is closed to traffic and people register to run (or walk) the
bridge components.
for members taking compression and iron rods for tension members, usually constructed as a
The approach
bridge components spans were constructed by Rosiek Construction Company, Inc of Arlington, TX. The 180' long concrete beams set were the longest ever set in the US at the time. The main
bridge components span was constructed by the Joint Venture of Recchi America, Inc. and GLF Construction Co. under JV Project Manager Brian West and General Superintendent Richard Broggi.
covered bridge to protect the structure. In 1820 a simple form of stay cable, Town's lattice stay cable, was
The original Sidney Lanier
Bridge was opened June 22, 1956, and was built by Sverdrup & Parcel, the same firm that designed the I-35W Mississippi River
bridge components which collapsed catastrophically in 2007. On November 7, 1972 the ship African Neptune struck the
bridge components, causing parts of the
bridge components to collapse and causing several cars to fall into the water. Ten deaths were caused by the accident. On May 3, 1987 the
bridge components was again struck by a ship, this time by the Polish freighter Ziemia Bialostocka.
patented, and had the advantage of not requiring high labor skills nor much metal. Few iron stay cable
The
Bridge of Honor, commonly known as the Pomeroy–Mason
Bridge is a
stay cable bridge over the Ohio River between the American cities of Pomeroy, Ohio and Mason, West Virginia. With construction being carried out by the C.J. Mahan Construction Company and overseen by the Ohio Department of Transportation, it was completed on December 30, 2008. The crossing carries Ohio State Route 833 which connects to West Virginia Route 62.
The
bridge components was originally scheduled to open in 2006. However, numerous unforeseen issues delayed the construction. Although work began in 2003, river flooding, poor soil stability, a rock slide, and potentially problematic formwork all caused setbacks in the building process. The final cost of the
bridge Construction was approximately US$65,000,000.
bridges were built in the United States before 1850.
At night, the
bridge components are illuminated by purple lights shining on the cables and towers as shown here.
stay cable bridges became a common type of bridge built from the 1870s through the 1930s.
The former
bridge components were constructed in 1928, the two-lane Cantilever
bridge components span once carried U.S. Highway 33. In 2003, it was renumbered to State Route 833 when US 33 was relocated along a new super-two highway to the Ravenswood Bridge. The original two-lane
stay cable bridge span's center span was demolished on at 8:49 a.m. EDT on April 21, 2009, with several hundred spectators viewing from the Pomeroy levee. The demolition was also broadcast live via an Internet feed on WSAZ from Huntington, West Virginia. An eight-year-old boy was selected to press the detonation button. River traffic was halted for twenty-four hours to allow for clean-up. The remainder of the
bridge components was removed by June 2009. The cost to remove the center
stay cable bridge span was approximately $1 million US.
Examples of these bridges still remain across the United States, but their numbers are dropping
The worlds most beautiful list ranks the world's
stay cable bridges by the length of main span (distance between the Construction towers). The length of the main span is the most common way to rank
stay cable bridges. If one
bridge components has a longer span than another it does not mean that the
bridge components is the longer from shore to shore or from anchorage to anchorage. However, the size of the main span does often correlate with the height of the towers and the engineering complexity involved in designing and constructing the
bridge components.
rapidly, as they are demolished and replaced with new structures. As metal slowly started to
Though,
stay cable bridge Construction with more than three spans are generally more complex, and
bridge components of this type generally represent a more notable engineering achievement even where their spans are shorter.
replace timber, wrought iron bridges in the U.S. started being built on a large scale in the 1870s.
stay cable bridges have the second-longest spans (after suspended-deck Construction
bridge components) of the types of
bridge components. They are practical for spans up to around 1 kilometer (0.6 mi). The Sutong
Bridge over the Yangtze River in the People's Republic of China has the largest span of any
stay cable bridge at 1,088 meters (3,570 ft), although in 2012 it is to be replaced at this position by Russky Island
Bridge in Vladivostok, Russia with its 1,104 meters (3,622 ft) span.
Bowstring stay cable bridges were a common stay cable design seen during this time, with their arched top
The Sutong Yangtze River Bridge is a
stay cable bridge that spans the Yangtze River in China between Nantong and Changshu, a satellite city of Suzhou, in Jiangsu province. With a span of 1,088 metres (3,570 ft), it is the
stay cable bridge with the longest main span in the world as of 2010. Its two side spans are 300 metres (980 ft) each, and there are also four small cable spans. The
bridge components received the 2010 Outstanding Civil Engineering Achievement award (OCEA) from the American Society of Civil Engineers.
chords. Companies like the Wrought Iron Bridge Company of Canton, Ohio and the King Bridge
The towers of the
bridge components are 306 metres (1,004 ft) high and thus the second tallest in the world. The total
bridge components length is 8,206 metres (26,923 ft). Construction began in June 2003, and the
bridge components was linked up in June 2007. The
bridge components was opened to traffic on 25 May 2008 and was officially opened on 30 June 2008. Construction has been estimated to cost about US$1.7 billion.
Company of Cleveland, Ohio became well-known companies, as they marketed their designs to
Stonecutters
Bridge is a high level
stay cable bridge which spans the Rambler Channel in Hong Kong, connecting Nam Wan Kok, Tsing Yi Island and Stonecutters Island. The
bridge Construction deck was completed on 7 April 2009, making this the second longest
stay cable bridge components span in the world, and opened to traffic on 20 December 2009.
different cities and townships. The bowstring stay cable design fell out of favor due to a lack
The Tatara
Bridge is a
stay cable bridge that is part of the Nishiseto Expressway, commonly known as the Shimanami Kaido. The
bridge components has a center span of 890 metres (2,920 ft). As of 2010 it has the fourth longest main span of any
stay cable bridge after the Sutong Bridge. The expressway is a series of roads and
bridge components that is one of the three routes of the Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Project connecting the islands of Honshu and Shikoku across the Seto Inland Sea in Japan. The Kurushima-Kaikyo
Bridge is on the same route.
of durability, and gave way to the Pratt stay cable design, which was stronger. Again, the bridge
The Pont de Normandie is a
stay cable bridge that spans the river Seine linking Le Havre to Honfleur in Normandy, northern France. Its total length is 2,143.21 metres (7,032 ft) – 856 metres (2,808 ft) between the two piers.
At that time the
bridge components was both the longest
stay cable bridge in the world, and had the record for the longest distance between piers for any
stay cable bridge. It was more than 250 m longer between piers than the previous record. This record was lost in 1999 to the Tatara Bridge in Japan. Its record for length for a
stay cable bridge was lost in 2004 to the 2883 meters of the Rio-Antirrio. At the end of construction, the
bridge components had cost $465 million and was financed by Natixis.
companies marketed their designs, with the Wrought Iron Bridge Company in the lead. As the 1880s and 1890s progressed, steel began to
The Incheon
Bridge (also called the Incheon Grand
Bridge Construction) is a newly constructed
bridge components in South Korea. At its opening in October 2009, it became the second connection between Yeongjong Island and the mainland of Incheon. The Incheon
Bridge is South Korea's longest spanning
stay cable bridge. In comparison, the Incheon
Bridge is the world's seventh longest
stay cable bridge as of October 2010. The main purpose of the
bridge components is to provide direct access between Songdo and Incheon International Airport, reducing travel time between them by up to one hour.
replace wrought iron as the preferred material. Other stay cable designs were used during this time, including the camel-back. By the 1910s,
The Shanghai Yangtze River
Bridge starts at the tunnel exit, crosses Changxing Island at ground level, then crosses to Chongming Island, ending at Chen Jia Zhen.
It consists of two long viaducts with a higher
stay cable bridge components section in the middle to allow the passage of ships. The total length is 16.63 kilometres (10.33 mi), of which 6.66 kilometres (4.14 mi) is road and 9.97 kilometres (6.20 mi)
bridge components. The overall shape of the
bridge components is not linear but slightly sigmoid ("S" shaped).
The central
stay cable bridge components span is about 730 meters, the longest span of any
bridge components in Shanghai, and the fifth longest
stay cable bridge components span in the world.
many states developed standard plan stay cable bridges, including steel Warren pony stay cable bridges. As the 1920s and 1930s progressed, some
The Minpu
Bridge is a
stay cable bridge in Minhang,Shanghai which carries the S32 Expressway which connect the Shanghai Pudong Airport to Zhjiang Povince. It has a main
bridge components span of 708 meters, which is the longest
stay cable bridge in Shanghai. The
bridge components was designed by the Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design Institute, Shanghai Urban Construction College, and Shanghai Urban Construction Design Institute, with assistance from Holger S. Svensson. It was built by the Shanghai Huangpujiang
Bridge Engineering Construction company. It carries two levels of roadway to accomedate more cars and has a stiffening stay cable to prevent swinging in the city's harsh winds. The
bridge components is an engineering marvel.
states, such as Pennsylvania, continued to build steel stay cable bridges, including massive steel through stay cable bridges for long spans
The Third Nanjing Yangtze
Bridge is a
stay cable bridge Construction located in Nanjing, China. It is the third crossing of the Yangtze River at Nanjing. The main
bridge components span measure 648 meters. The
stay cable bridge components portion is just a part of the 4.7 kilometers of the complete
bridge components. Constructed in slightly more than two years at a cost of $490 million, this
bridge components features dual 215 meters towers.
states, such as Michigan, used standard plan concrete girder and beam bridges, and only a limited number of stay cable bridges were built
Jintang
Bridge (is a highway
bridge with a
stay cable bridge portion, built in Zhejiang, China on the Zhoushan Archipelago, the largest offshore island group in China. It is the longest
bridge components in Zhoushan Trans-oceanic
Bridges with a length of 26,540 meters, connecting Jintang Island and Zhenhai, Ningbo. The main
bridge components span of the
bridge components is a
stay cable bridge with opposite towers. The
bridge components is one of the longest
bridges in China along with Hangzhou Bay Bridge and Donghai
Bridge among others.
The stay cable may carry its roadbed on top, in the middle, or at the bottom of the stay cable. Bridges with the roadbed at the top or the bottom are the
The Rion-Antirion
bridge, officially the Charilaos Trikoupis
bridge components after the statesman who first envisaged it, is the world's longest multi-span
stay cable bridge. It crosses the Gulf of Corinth near Patras, linking the town of Rion on the Peloponnese to Antirion on mainland Greece.
most common as this allows both the top and bottom to be stiffened, forming a box stay cable. When the roadbed is atop the stay cable it is called a
C?n Tho Bridge is a
stay cable bridge over the H?u (Bassac) River, the largest distributary of the Mekong River, in the city of C?n Tho in southern Vietnam. The
bridge Construction is 2.75 kilometres long (1.68 miles). It has a 6-lane carriageway measuring 23 metres (76 feet) in width, with 4 lanes for traffic and two pedestrian lanes. It have a clearance of 39 metres (128 feet), which will allow large ships to pass underneath the
bridge components. The
bridge components was inaugurated on April 24, 2010.
deck stay cable (an example of this was the I-35W Mississippi River bridge), when the stay cable members are both above and below the roadbed, it is
Skarnsund Bridge is a 1,010-metre (3,310 ft) long concrete
stay cable bridge that crosses the Skarnsundet sound, in Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. When finished in 1991, it replaced the Vangshylla–Kjerringvik Ferry and it gives the communities in Mosvik and Leksvik easier access to the central areas of Innherred. The
bridge components is the only road crossing of the Trondheimsfjord, and is located on Norwegian County Road 755.
